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Showing posts with label Online Journalism. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Online Journalism. Show all posts
Formula to Measure Readability Another study by User Interface Engineering, a Massachusetts consulting firm, tested nine Web sites for a variety of design factors influencing ease of use. As part of the study, Jared M. Spool and other researchers used formulas that calculate readability, such as the Gunning Fog Index. This tool measures readability based on the average number of words, sentences and syllables. The researchers found that Web users find information better in online text that contains fewer conjunctions and lacks standard grammatical structures. The study presumed that users were skimming text in search of information, not reading it thoroughly. They found that writing for the Web may require shorter sentences with simpler words. Embedded links surrounded by text were another deterrent to readability. The researchers found that links contained within a sentence make it harder for readers to find information. Readers who skim tend to look for links. If links are buried inside text, they slow the readers' progress and are more difficult to understand, the study says.

Clicking vs. scrolling
In early studies conducted by researchers Jakob Nielsen and John Morkes, the majority of users preferred to click rather than scroll below one screen to get information. In their 1997 study on writing for the Web, they found that readers are becoming more receptive to scrolling past one screen if the content interests them. My own studies with journalism students for the past two years revealed similar findings. Five unscientific surveys showed that in 1997 more students wanted to click through screens than scroll. In the most recent survey conducted in 1999, students were evenly divided among the clickers or scrollers. In all the experiments, almost all the students said they scanned when they read text on the Web instead of reading stories thoroughly. Their comments were more revealing. Those who favored chunks of text with links to click to the next part:
"I seem to lose my place when I scroll."
"Clicking is a more active thing. It seems more engaged."
"Scrolling tires your eyes because you have to pay attention to the moving lines in order not to scroll too far." Those who favored scrolling:
"I hate waiting for the next page to load."
"I'm a scroller because I like to have everything on one page, and it is easy to move up and down with the scroll. I like to click when the subject is different."
"In case I need to reread a little above, it's still on the screen. I can take it at my own speed, and it's easier to keep my place."
If there is any conclusion for writers on the Web, it is that if the content is worth reading,
Web users will click or scroll to get it. But the majority will scan it and print it out if they want thorough readability.

Formula to Measure Readability | Clicking vs Scrolling

Formula to Measure Readability Another study by User Interface Engineering, a Massachusetts consulting firm, tested nine Web sites for a variety of design factors influencing ease of use. As part of the study, Jared M. Spool and other researchers used formulas that calculate readability, such as the Gunning Fog Index. This tool measures readability based on the average number of words, sentences and syllables. The researchers found that Web users find information better in online text that contains fewer conjunctions and lacks standard grammatical structures. The study presumed that users were skimming text in search of information, not reading it thoroughly. They found that writing for the Web may require shorter sentences with simpler words. Embedded links surrounded by text were another deterrent to readability. The researchers found that links contained within a sentence make it harder for readers to find information. Readers who skim tend to look for links. If links are buried inside text, they slow the readers' progress and are more difficult to understand, the study says.

Clicking vs. scrolling
In early studies conducted by researchers Jakob Nielsen and John Morkes, the majority of users preferred to click rather than scroll below one screen to get information. In their 1997 study on writing for the Web, they found that readers are becoming more receptive to scrolling past one screen if the content interests them. My own studies with journalism students for the past two years revealed similar findings. Five unscientific surveys showed that in 1997 more students wanted to click through screens than scroll. In the most recent survey conducted in 1999, students were evenly divided among the clickers or scrollers. In all the experiments, almost all the students said they scanned when they read text on the Web instead of reading stories thoroughly. Their comments were more revealing. Those who favored chunks of text with links to click to the next part:
"I seem to lose my place when I scroll."
"Clicking is a more active thing. It seems more engaged."
"Scrolling tires your eyes because you have to pay attention to the moving lines in order not to scroll too far." Those who favored scrolling:
"I hate waiting for the next page to load."
"I'm a scroller because I like to have everything on one page, and it is easy to move up and down with the scroll. I like to click when the subject is different."
"In case I need to reread a little above, it's still on the screen. I can take it at my own speed, and it's easier to keep my place."
If there is any conclusion for writers on the Web, it is that if the content is worth reading,
Web users will click or scroll to get it. But the majority will scan it and print it out if they want thorough readability.

No comments
Posted at 4:03 PM |  by Sohail Khatri
Teaser Study Of Writing Styles for Web Headlines An unscientific study of the affect of writing styles for Web headlines, subhead and leads on readability revealed conflicting results. Although the majority of respondents in the study said it bored them to read leads that had been repeated in headlines and subheads, the repetition did not affect whether or not they would read the story. Nor did the style. content was the major determinant. The study of 52 journalism students, ranging in age from 20 to 50, tested four factors: Summary versus broadcast-style teaser subheads: Which were more effective in enticing users to click into a story? Students chose broadcast style "stay-tuned" teasers over inverted pyramid-summary subheads in four out of five examples, but they said they preferred summary style when scanning the Web. Their comments: "Content would be a major factor. If I'm interested in the story, it wouldn't matter if it were a summary or a teaser." "I like summaries better.

There's less chance for misreading the facts. It also cuts to the Chase. I pay for online time. Cut to the chase and don't be coy." "I like teasers because they entice you. It makes me want to read on. But when I don't have time to read the whole article, I like summaries."
Impact of repetitious headlines and subheads on readability of leads:
53 percent said repetition made no difference whether they would read the story.
18 percent said repetition helped their comprehension.
29 percent said repetition bored them.

Many students commented that they wanted headlines and subheads to be brief – not several paragraphs that would be repeated in the story. However, 46 percent said they often skip reading the lead in online stories if the subhead repeats it, and 29 percent said they sometimes skip reading the lead if it is repetitious. The percentages were similar for skimming or skipping repetitious leads in print. Their comments:
"I like, or don't mind, a repetitious headlines, subhead and lead if not too much of the story is given before you reach 'click here' for full story. If three paragraphs are given, then I get annoyed because I'm into the story; one paragraph is OK. "It helps to hammer home the point of the story. And since I don't read stories on the Web thoroughly, it helps me get as much information as quickly as possible." "I hate repetition. It's a waste of my time." Comparison of print and online reading patterns: Did users read print stories that interested them  more thoroughly than online news stories. Almost all the respondents show similar patterns for print and online news reading.

Always read print news stories of interest thoroughly -- 21 percent compared to 11 percent online. Often read print news of interest thoroughly -- 62 percent compared to 60 percent online. Most of these students who answered often for print responded the same for online. Sometimes -- 12 percent for print news stories, 25 percent for online. Age made no difference in reading patterns. Undergraduate students in their 20s had the same patterns for print and online as did graduate students in their 30s, 40s and 50s.

Teaser Study Of Writing Styles for Web Headlines

Teaser Study Of Writing Styles for Web Headlines An unscientific study of the affect of writing styles for Web headlines, subhead and leads on readability revealed conflicting results. Although the majority of respondents in the study said it bored them to read leads that had been repeated in headlines and subheads, the repetition did not affect whether or not they would read the story. Nor did the style. content was the major determinant. The study of 52 journalism students, ranging in age from 20 to 50, tested four factors: Summary versus broadcast-style teaser subheads: Which were more effective in enticing users to click into a story? Students chose broadcast style "stay-tuned" teasers over inverted pyramid-summary subheads in four out of five examples, but they said they preferred summary style when scanning the Web. Their comments: "Content would be a major factor. If I'm interested in the story, it wouldn't matter if it were a summary or a teaser." "I like summaries better.

There's less chance for misreading the facts. It also cuts to the Chase. I pay for online time. Cut to the chase and don't be coy." "I like teasers because they entice you. It makes me want to read on. But when I don't have time to read the whole article, I like summaries."
Impact of repetitious headlines and subheads on readability of leads:
53 percent said repetition made no difference whether they would read the story.
18 percent said repetition helped their comprehension.
29 percent said repetition bored them.

Many students commented that they wanted headlines and subheads to be brief – not several paragraphs that would be repeated in the story. However, 46 percent said they often skip reading the lead in online stories if the subhead repeats it, and 29 percent said they sometimes skip reading the lead if it is repetitious. The percentages were similar for skimming or skipping repetitious leads in print. Their comments:
"I like, or don't mind, a repetitious headlines, subhead and lead if not too much of the story is given before you reach 'click here' for full story. If three paragraphs are given, then I get annoyed because I'm into the story; one paragraph is OK. "It helps to hammer home the point of the story. And since I don't read stories on the Web thoroughly, it helps me get as much information as quickly as possible." "I hate repetition. It's a waste of my time." Comparison of print and online reading patterns: Did users read print stories that interested them  more thoroughly than online news stories. Almost all the respondents show similar patterns for print and online news reading.

Always read print news stories of interest thoroughly -- 21 percent compared to 11 percent online. Often read print news of interest thoroughly -- 62 percent compared to 60 percent online. Most of these students who answered often for print responded the same for online. Sometimes -- 12 percent for print news stories, 25 percent for online. Age made no difference in reading patterns. Undergraduate students in their 20s had the same patterns for print and online as did graduate students in their 30s, 40s and 50s.

No comments
Posted at 3:49 PM |  by Sohail Khatri
These Related Sites In Online Journalism Sectionals  links will open in a separate window while  his site remains on your screen so you can return to it at will.
• Star Tribune
• American Journalism Review
• CNN
• MSNBC
• Think Quest $1 million contest winners
• Jon Katz's Hotwired columns
• Conclusion
Online newspapers are much maligned by media critics, but many of them are producing excellent packages for the Web. However, on a daily basis with limited online staffs, Web newspapers are merely duplicating their print news stories with little regard to online readability. By employing minor adjustments suggested in usability studies cited in this report, online news sites could make the text more readable for users, who are still primarily scanners on the Web.
The major recommendations from this study are:
Provide interesting, useful content.
Keep online news stories short.
Use subheads to break up type.
Keep subheads on main pages short and informative to entice readers.
Use bulleted lists when applicable to the story.
Avoid embedded links in stories.
Use teaser or summary headlines that don't repeat the lead, especially when the news story features an
anecdotal lead. Use nonlinear formats when they enhance the story. For a long, scrollable story, consider internal links targeted to topics on the same page. If the story has logical breaks that might be presented as a short series or sidebars, consider screen-size chunks. Explore new writing styles such as the serial narrative. Train reporters to gather full text on disks, audio and searchable databases for online stories.
Multimedia will soon become a regular feature of online all news sites. Consider alternative forms of
presenting information such as question-answer format or timelines for background. Confine text to tables of 350 to 450 pixels for ease of eye movement instead of spanning the entire screen. Add interactive elements -- feedback questions, quizzes, calculators and search capabilities -- that let readers figure how a budget story will affect them.

• Experiment.
• Resources

Story Forms I
American Journalism Review www.ajr.org
CNN www.cnn.com
MSNBC www.msnbc.com
Think Quest $1 million contest winners
http://www.advanced.org/ThinkQuest/
Jon Katz's Hotwired columns
http://www.hotwired.com/synapse/archive/index/blue?/Katz
Star Tribune www.startribune.co

Story Forms II
Blackhawk Down
http://www3.phillynews.com/packages/somalia/nov16/default16.asp
Clark, Roy Peter, "Three Little Words, What I learned,"The Poynter Institute
online:http://www.poynter.org/research/nm/nm_clark.htm
Three Little Words (the series)
http://www2.sptimes.com/3Words/Default.html
Fray http://www.fray.com
MIT News in the Future Consortium http://nif.www.media.mit.edu/
Murray, Janet H: Hamlet on the Holodeck: The Future of Narrative in Cyberspace. New
York: Free Press, 1997, pp. 58, 87
Janet Murray's home page: http://web.mit.edu/jhmurray/www/
PLUM http://www.media.mit.edu/people/elo/plum.html About this study

Related Sites In Online Journalism Sectionals

These Related Sites In Online Journalism Sectionals  links will open in a separate window while  his site remains on your screen so you can return to it at will.
• Star Tribune
• American Journalism Review
• CNN
• MSNBC
• Think Quest $1 million contest winners
• Jon Katz's Hotwired columns
• Conclusion
Online newspapers are much maligned by media critics, but many of them are producing excellent packages for the Web. However, on a daily basis with limited online staffs, Web newspapers are merely duplicating their print news stories with little regard to online readability. By employing minor adjustments suggested in usability studies cited in this report, online news sites could make the text more readable for users, who are still primarily scanners on the Web.
The major recommendations from this study are:
Provide interesting, useful content.
Keep online news stories short.
Use subheads to break up type.
Keep subheads on main pages short and informative to entice readers.
Use bulleted lists when applicable to the story.
Avoid embedded links in stories.
Use teaser or summary headlines that don't repeat the lead, especially when the news story features an
anecdotal lead. Use nonlinear formats when they enhance the story. For a long, scrollable story, consider internal links targeted to topics on the same page. If the story has logical breaks that might be presented as a short series or sidebars, consider screen-size chunks. Explore new writing styles such as the serial narrative. Train reporters to gather full text on disks, audio and searchable databases for online stories.
Multimedia will soon become a regular feature of online all news sites. Consider alternative forms of
presenting information such as question-answer format or timelines for background. Confine text to tables of 350 to 450 pixels for ease of eye movement instead of spanning the entire screen. Add interactive elements -- feedback questions, quizzes, calculators and search capabilities -- that let readers figure how a budget story will affect them.

• Experiment.
• Resources

Story Forms I
American Journalism Review www.ajr.org
CNN www.cnn.com
MSNBC www.msnbc.com
Think Quest $1 million contest winners
http://www.advanced.org/ThinkQuest/
Jon Katz's Hotwired columns
http://www.hotwired.com/synapse/archive/index/blue?/Katz
Star Tribune www.startribune.co

Story Forms II
Blackhawk Down
http://www3.phillynews.com/packages/somalia/nov16/default16.asp
Clark, Roy Peter, "Three Little Words, What I learned,"The Poynter Institute
online:http://www.poynter.org/research/nm/nm_clark.htm
Three Little Words (the series)
http://www2.sptimes.com/3Words/Default.html
Fray http://www.fray.com
MIT News in the Future Consortium http://nif.www.media.mit.edu/
Murray, Janet H: Hamlet on the Holodeck: The Future of Narrative in Cyberspace. New
York: Free Press, 1997, pp. 58, 87
Janet Murray's home page: http://web.mit.edu/jhmurray/www/
PLUM http://www.media.mit.edu/people/elo/plum.html About this study

No comments
Posted at 3:24 PM |  by Sohail Khatri
 There are 17 Ethics Related To Cyber Medium in Online Journalism

1- Accuracy:
Accuracy is the indispensable value in journalism and must not be compromised. Cyber journalists must deliver error-free content. They must ensure that their content is a verifiable representation of the news. They should never intentionally mislead those who depend upon them for information. They must be accurate with their target audiences. Sometimes it's OK to print information that they haven't confirmed with multiple sources.
Just make sure that you label it as such. Never ever publish information that you know not to be true.

2- Honesty:
Cyber journalists should be honest and fair in gathering, reporting and interpreting information. They must strive to keep news content free of special interests, inside or outside the news organization. They
should embrace the value of transparency.

3- Honor Copyrights and never plagiarize:
They should value original thought and expression. Their work should be free from fraud and deception. - - That includes plagiarism and fabrication. We will attribute content and honor copyrights. It includes not just cutting and pasting whole articles, but copying photos, graphics, video and even large text excerpts from others and putting them on your web page as well. If you want to reference something on another website, link it instead. If you are concerned that the page you're linking to will disappear, give your readers the name of the publication that published the page, its date of publication and a short summary of its content. Just like news reporters used to reference other content before the Web. (“In a Sept. 20 report, the Wall Street Journal reported....").

4- Identify and link to sources:
Cyber journalist should act honorably and ethically in dealing with news sources. He/she should Identify and link to sources, whenever feasible. The public should entitle to as much information as possible on sources’ reliability. He/she should always question sources’ motives before promising secrecy. Clarify conditions attached to any promise made in exchange for information.

5- Never distort the content of photos and videos:
Never distort the content of photos without disclosing what has been changed or digitally alter photographs to mislead the audience. Image enhancement is only acceptable for technical clarity. Montage and photo illustrations should be label. Any attempt to confuse readers or misrepresent visual
information is prohibited. In photographing news, do not stage or restructure events. Similarly, in editing video, do not insert words or splice together statements made at different times so as to suggest that they were uttered at the same time. Pieces of an interview or address generally should be presented in the order that they occurred. If an interview is presented in question-and answer format, the questions must be presented as they were asked. Reaction shots may not be altered after the fact. Staging is prohibited.

6- Distinguish factual information and commentary from advertising:
Cyber journalists should distinguish factual information and commentary from advertising and avoid
hybrid or mixture that blurs the lines between the two.

7- Distinguish between advocacy, commentary and factual information:
Even advocacy writing and commentary should not misrepresent facts or context of the news event. So,
Cyber journalist should strive to distinguish between advocacy, commentary and factual information.

8- Define and clearly Label, news and opinion:
Journalists and news organizations should understand the necessity of defining, and clearly labeling, news and opinion. In an open environment like the Web, consistency in presentation can help the reader see clearly where the lines are drawn between news and opinion. Whenever journalists or organizations blur or blend those roles, they need to recognize the risk and consider the consequences.

9- Privacy:
Recognize that private people have a greater right to control information about themselves than do publiccofficials and others who seek power, influence or attention. Only a dominant public need can justify interruption into anyone's privacy. Be sensitive when seeking or using interviews or photographs of those affected by tragedy or grief.

10- Balance/ Fairness:
Cyber journalists should create a balance by including all sides relevant to a news story and not take sides in news coverage. In covering controversial issues seek out intelligent, articulate views from all
perspectives. Reporters should try genuinely to understand all points of view, rather than simply grab
quick quotations to create an impression of balance.

11- Juveniles and victims of sex crimes
The Times does not identify the alleged victims of sex crimes or persons under 18 who are charged with crimes. Exceptions occasionally arise. The decision to name individuals in such cases rests with the editor or managing editor or an editor designated by them.

12- Criminal suspects
Cyber journalists should be careful about identifying juvenile suspects, victims of sex crimes and criminal suspects before the formal filing of charges. Cyber journalists should not identify suspects of criminal investigations who have not been charged or arrested. On occasion, the prominence of the suspect or the importance of the case will justify an Exception to this policy. In those instances, we must take great care that our sourcing is reliable and that law enforcement officials have a reasonable basis for considering the individual a suspect. If someone we have identified as a suspect ultimately is not charged, we should make that known in a follow-up story. Show Compassion for those who may be affected adversely by content.

13- Corrections:
Cyber Journalists should admit mistakes and correct them promptly and prominently. Correct what we get wrong as promptly and as clearly as possible. Establish systems to enable readers to alert us to mistakes and hold us accountable.

14- Principle of independence
Journalists should honor the principle of independence. They should avoid conflicts of interest or the appearance of conflicts that could put their ability to report or the credibility of their reporting or commentary at risk. They should not accept gifts or favors from people or entities they cover or over whom they might influence coverage. They should deny favored treatment to advertisers and special interests and resist their pressure to influence content.

15- Variations of tone and presentation in storytelling:
Variations of tone and presentation in storytelling are appropriate for reaching new audiences, but those variations should be consistent with the core editorial principles. Be clear on what you stand for, and honor it. These principles apply across all content and all platforms.

16- Linking decisions:
The linking decision requires more specific considerations, including the relevance and reliability of the material that might be linked. Linking decisions should be based on serving the audience with as accurate and as complete a picture of the world as possible. Such decisions should not be restricted by
commercial concerns about sending customers to others' sites. Linking is at the core of the Web experience, tying together content that allows readers to discover unexpected treasures and contextual information that can't comfortably fit into print and broadcast paradigms. But linking also comes with challenges for media organizations. Until now, content was easily classified -- it was in the paper or it wasn't; it was broadcast on the air or it wasn’t. Linking has created a netherworld in which media companies can point to sites without assuming responsibility for their veracity or standards. So how do
media sites embrace linking without compromising their core values?

17- Principles & Values
• A link to an external site does not signify an endorsement of that site or its point of view. It is merely a signal to the reader that there may be content of interest on the destination site.
• Despite this, media sites should make it clear to their readers -- in the user agreement, site guidelines or via some other method -- that there's a difference in standards between the content that resides on their own site and the content they link to.
• Because of the spider-like nature of the Web, media sites can't be expected to apply even these relaxed standards to the content of sites that are linked to from sites we link to (the two-click rule).
• When readers put their own links to content in message boards, blog posts, etc., those links should be considered user-generated content and subject to the same controls.
• All media sites should to link to external sites. Linking off-site is an extension of your site's user experience and fosters a feeling of openness that's conducive to repeat visits. Trying to keep readers
within just your site is a losing proposition.
• When linking, sites should not be forced into including links that support all sides of an issue. While news articles themselves should adhere to the traditional standards of fairness and accuracy, assuring balance in links run counters to the concept of providing only useful links to the reader.

Ethics Related To Cyber Medium | Online Journalism

 There are 17 Ethics Related To Cyber Medium in Online Journalism

1- Accuracy:
Accuracy is the indispensable value in journalism and must not be compromised. Cyber journalists must deliver error-free content. They must ensure that their content is a verifiable representation of the news. They should never intentionally mislead those who depend upon them for information. They must be accurate with their target audiences. Sometimes it's OK to print information that they haven't confirmed with multiple sources.
Just make sure that you label it as such. Never ever publish information that you know not to be true.

2- Honesty:
Cyber journalists should be honest and fair in gathering, reporting and interpreting information. They must strive to keep news content free of special interests, inside or outside the news organization. They
should embrace the value of transparency.

3- Honor Copyrights and never plagiarize:
They should value original thought and expression. Their work should be free from fraud and deception. - - That includes plagiarism and fabrication. We will attribute content and honor copyrights. It includes not just cutting and pasting whole articles, but copying photos, graphics, video and even large text excerpts from others and putting them on your web page as well. If you want to reference something on another website, link it instead. If you are concerned that the page you're linking to will disappear, give your readers the name of the publication that published the page, its date of publication and a short summary of its content. Just like news reporters used to reference other content before the Web. (“In a Sept. 20 report, the Wall Street Journal reported....").

4- Identify and link to sources:
Cyber journalist should act honorably and ethically in dealing with news sources. He/she should Identify and link to sources, whenever feasible. The public should entitle to as much information as possible on sources’ reliability. He/she should always question sources’ motives before promising secrecy. Clarify conditions attached to any promise made in exchange for information.

5- Never distort the content of photos and videos:
Never distort the content of photos without disclosing what has been changed or digitally alter photographs to mislead the audience. Image enhancement is only acceptable for technical clarity. Montage and photo illustrations should be label. Any attempt to confuse readers or misrepresent visual
information is prohibited. In photographing news, do not stage or restructure events. Similarly, in editing video, do not insert words or splice together statements made at different times so as to suggest that they were uttered at the same time. Pieces of an interview or address generally should be presented in the order that they occurred. If an interview is presented in question-and answer format, the questions must be presented as they were asked. Reaction shots may not be altered after the fact. Staging is prohibited.

6- Distinguish factual information and commentary from advertising:
Cyber journalists should distinguish factual information and commentary from advertising and avoid
hybrid or mixture that blurs the lines between the two.

7- Distinguish between advocacy, commentary and factual information:
Even advocacy writing and commentary should not misrepresent facts or context of the news event. So,
Cyber journalist should strive to distinguish between advocacy, commentary and factual information.

8- Define and clearly Label, news and opinion:
Journalists and news organizations should understand the necessity of defining, and clearly labeling, news and opinion. In an open environment like the Web, consistency in presentation can help the reader see clearly where the lines are drawn between news and opinion. Whenever journalists or organizations blur or blend those roles, they need to recognize the risk and consider the consequences.

9- Privacy:
Recognize that private people have a greater right to control information about themselves than do publiccofficials and others who seek power, influence or attention. Only a dominant public need can justify interruption into anyone's privacy. Be sensitive when seeking or using interviews or photographs of those affected by tragedy or grief.

10- Balance/ Fairness:
Cyber journalists should create a balance by including all sides relevant to a news story and not take sides in news coverage. In covering controversial issues seek out intelligent, articulate views from all
perspectives. Reporters should try genuinely to understand all points of view, rather than simply grab
quick quotations to create an impression of balance.

11- Juveniles and victims of sex crimes
The Times does not identify the alleged victims of sex crimes or persons under 18 who are charged with crimes. Exceptions occasionally arise. The decision to name individuals in such cases rests with the editor or managing editor or an editor designated by them.

12- Criminal suspects
Cyber journalists should be careful about identifying juvenile suspects, victims of sex crimes and criminal suspects before the formal filing of charges. Cyber journalists should not identify suspects of criminal investigations who have not been charged or arrested. On occasion, the prominence of the suspect or the importance of the case will justify an Exception to this policy. In those instances, we must take great care that our sourcing is reliable and that law enforcement officials have a reasonable basis for considering the individual a suspect. If someone we have identified as a suspect ultimately is not charged, we should make that known in a follow-up story. Show Compassion for those who may be affected adversely by content.

13- Corrections:
Cyber Journalists should admit mistakes and correct them promptly and prominently. Correct what we get wrong as promptly and as clearly as possible. Establish systems to enable readers to alert us to mistakes and hold us accountable.

14- Principle of independence
Journalists should honor the principle of independence. They should avoid conflicts of interest or the appearance of conflicts that could put their ability to report or the credibility of their reporting or commentary at risk. They should not accept gifts or favors from people or entities they cover or over whom they might influence coverage. They should deny favored treatment to advertisers and special interests and resist their pressure to influence content.

15- Variations of tone and presentation in storytelling:
Variations of tone and presentation in storytelling are appropriate for reaching new audiences, but those variations should be consistent with the core editorial principles. Be clear on what you stand for, and honor it. These principles apply across all content and all platforms.

16- Linking decisions:
The linking decision requires more specific considerations, including the relevance and reliability of the material that might be linked. Linking decisions should be based on serving the audience with as accurate and as complete a picture of the world as possible. Such decisions should not be restricted by
commercial concerns about sending customers to others' sites. Linking is at the core of the Web experience, tying together content that allows readers to discover unexpected treasures and contextual information that can't comfortably fit into print and broadcast paradigms. But linking also comes with challenges for media organizations. Until now, content was easily classified -- it was in the paper or it wasn't; it was broadcast on the air or it wasn’t. Linking has created a netherworld in which media companies can point to sites without assuming responsibility for their veracity or standards. So how do
media sites embrace linking without compromising their core values?

17- Principles & Values
• A link to an external site does not signify an endorsement of that site or its point of view. It is merely a signal to the reader that there may be content of interest on the destination site.
• Despite this, media sites should make it clear to their readers -- in the user agreement, site guidelines or via some other method -- that there's a difference in standards between the content that resides on their own site and the content they link to.
• Because of the spider-like nature of the Web, media sites can't be expected to apply even these relaxed standards to the content of sites that are linked to from sites we link to (the two-click rule).
• When readers put their own links to content in message boards, blog posts, etc., those links should be considered user-generated content and subject to the same controls.
• All media sites should to link to external sites. Linking off-site is an extension of your site's user experience and fosters a feeling of openness that's conducive to repeat visits. Trying to keep readers
within just your site is a losing proposition.
• When linking, sites should not be forced into including links that support all sides of an issue. While news articles themselves should adhere to the traditional standards of fairness and accuracy, assuring balance in links run counters to the concept of providing only useful links to the reader.

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Posted at 3:13 PM |  by Sohail Khatri
Ethics and Credibility in Online Journalism The etymology of journalism, from the Latin diurnal is, suggests a daily account or record. The term has come to mean the collection and editing of news for presentation via one or more forms of media. Intraday print issues and hourly broadcasts in the twentieth century distanced the practice from its Latin root. Nearly instantaneous transmission and updates through new electronic media forms further amplifies this divergence. When print was the only medium available to the journalist, ample time was available for proper research, editing, and publication. Indeed, only a few early publishers had access to a printing press with which to make product. As mass media progressed, and new forms of print and broadcasting appeared, the time allowed for journalistic reflection shrank. The Internet allows news and information to move at tremendous dispatch, limited only by the speed of the electron or electromagnetic wave. The immediacy brought by the online environment, a medium where everyone is a potential publisher, allows for even less de liberation by the journalist and editor. Matters of anonymity, identity, access to information and protection of intellectual property impact the practice of online journalism. This paper will discuss how journalists and media organizations are dealing with the issues of ethics and credibility on the Web: how cyber journalists can use personal, institutional, and technological tools to ensure the consistency, fairness, and believability of their product. Ethics

Ethics and Credibility in Online Journalism
The speed and anonymity provided by the Internet can play fast and loose with journalistic ethics. The Internet has created a fourth kind of journalism next to radio, television, and print journalism. Online journalists have received little or no attention from researchers, perhaps because few, pure online journalistic efforts exist, compared to the wealth of trivia, entertainment, personal communication, and pornography. These bedfellows make adherence to an ethical code all the more necessary, particularly in a time when public trust in journalism has ebbed (Yeshua, 2000).

The pessimist:
The newest news dispenser, the runaway Internet, makes a journalist out of anybody who has a modem. It values speed and sensationalism above accuracy. New media will not accept our standards. We are foolish to treat them as if they have. This is a grim time for newspapers. -- Portland Oregonian Editor
Sandra Mims Rowe

The pragmatist:
It's past time to retire the Internet as a scapegoat for journalistic ills, it’s a medium, not a message, and it can be used as irresponsibly or as honorably as a printing press or a TV network can. --New York Times columnist Frank Rich (Welch, 1998) Matt Drudge has his own self-published Internet scandal sheet (drudgereport.com). He is the poster boy for online journalism ethics, i.e., what can happen without concise ethical standards in a world where everyone is a potential journalist, broadcaster, columnist, commentator, and media critic (Grossman, 1999). See Blumenthal v. Drudge.

Ethics and Credibility in Online Journalism Introduction

Ethics and Credibility in Online Journalism The etymology of journalism, from the Latin diurnal is, suggests a daily account or record. The term has come to mean the collection and editing of news for presentation via one or more forms of media. Intraday print issues and hourly broadcasts in the twentieth century distanced the practice from its Latin root. Nearly instantaneous transmission and updates through new electronic media forms further amplifies this divergence. When print was the only medium available to the journalist, ample time was available for proper research, editing, and publication. Indeed, only a few early publishers had access to a printing press with which to make product. As mass media progressed, and new forms of print and broadcasting appeared, the time allowed for journalistic reflection shrank. The Internet allows news and information to move at tremendous dispatch, limited only by the speed of the electron or electromagnetic wave. The immediacy brought by the online environment, a medium where everyone is a potential publisher, allows for even less de liberation by the journalist and editor. Matters of anonymity, identity, access to information and protection of intellectual property impact the practice of online journalism. This paper will discuss how journalists and media organizations are dealing with the issues of ethics and credibility on the Web: how cyber journalists can use personal, institutional, and technological tools to ensure the consistency, fairness, and believability of their product. Ethics

Ethics and Credibility in Online Journalism
The speed and anonymity provided by the Internet can play fast and loose with journalistic ethics. The Internet has created a fourth kind of journalism next to radio, television, and print journalism. Online journalists have received little or no attention from researchers, perhaps because few, pure online journalistic efforts exist, compared to the wealth of trivia, entertainment, personal communication, and pornography. These bedfellows make adherence to an ethical code all the more necessary, particularly in a time when public trust in journalism has ebbed (Yeshua, 2000).

The pessimist:
The newest news dispenser, the runaway Internet, makes a journalist out of anybody who has a modem. It values speed and sensationalism above accuracy. New media will not accept our standards. We are foolish to treat them as if they have. This is a grim time for newspapers. -- Portland Oregonian Editor
Sandra Mims Rowe

The pragmatist:
It's past time to retire the Internet as a scapegoat for journalistic ills, it’s a medium, not a message, and it can be used as irresponsibly or as honorably as a printing press or a TV network can. --New York Times columnist Frank Rich (Welch, 1998) Matt Drudge has his own self-published Internet scandal sheet (drudgereport.com). He is the poster boy for online journalism ethics, i.e., what can happen without concise ethical standards in a world where everyone is a potential journalist, broadcaster, columnist, commentator, and media critic (Grossman, 1999). See Blumenthal v. Drudge.

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Posted at 3:01 PM |  by Sohail Khatri
Traditional media started developing online presence:
Because of the massive and extraordinary development the internet has experienced, many traditional  edia institutions like newspapers, magazines, and radio and television channels started making plans for the Internet future, and put their presence on the web and tried to arrange audio and video broadcasts over the Internet. Most newspapers seem to have chosen one of two approaches to the Internet. The first - and most common - approach is to have selected articles from the newspaper on the internet. The second approach is the same, but with more focus on adding content exclusive to the web pages. This allows the internet pages to have more news aimed at narrow audiences. The latter approach also offers a better integration with news and user interaction. It includes interactivity and innovation.

Anyone can be Publisher
When print media was the only medium available to journalist, a few publishers had access to printing press with which to make the product. But the internet is largely uncontrolled; anybody can say anything
s/he pleases. This has led to many news pages being set up by "The Common Man." Any one having

Internet Connection can be Publisher.
Internet introduced Mass interaction to mass media:
Before the Internet, most communication has been largely unidirectional.
Journalists gather information and bring it back to the news desk. Here it is edited, and returned to the audience. However, "audience members are rarely able to use the media to send their own messages. Audience feedback is infrequent, indirect, and delayed" The internet changed all this: "What distinguishes the Internet from other media is its ability to provide feedback quickly and easily from receivers to senders. The Internet has introduced mass interaction to mass media."

Impact of Internet on Journalism

Traditional media started developing online presence:
Because of the massive and extraordinary development the internet has experienced, many traditional  edia institutions like newspapers, magazines, and radio and television channels started making plans for the Internet future, and put their presence on the web and tried to arrange audio and video broadcasts over the Internet. Most newspapers seem to have chosen one of two approaches to the Internet. The first - and most common - approach is to have selected articles from the newspaper on the internet. The second approach is the same, but with more focus on adding content exclusive to the web pages. This allows the internet pages to have more news aimed at narrow audiences. The latter approach also offers a better integration with news and user interaction. It includes interactivity and innovation.

Anyone can be Publisher
When print media was the only medium available to journalist, a few publishers had access to printing press with which to make the product. But the internet is largely uncontrolled; anybody can say anything
s/he pleases. This has led to many news pages being set up by "The Common Man." Any one having

Internet Connection can be Publisher.
Internet introduced Mass interaction to mass media:
Before the Internet, most communication has been largely unidirectional.
Journalists gather information and bring it back to the news desk. Here it is edited, and returned to the audience. However, "audience members are rarely able to use the media to send their own messages. Audience feedback is infrequent, indirect, and delayed" The internet changed all this: "What distinguishes the Internet from other media is its ability to provide feedback quickly and easily from receivers to senders. The Internet has introduced mass interaction to mass media."

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Posted at 2:53 PM |  by Sohail Khatri
Impact of Internet on News Gathering, Internet opens new avenues of information for journalists. Journalists can no longer ignore the wealth of valuable information on the Internet. Internet stands as the single largest source of information available anywhere in the world. Journalists are now using the Internet for a wide range of purposes to enhance their news gathering. Common uses include finding people and news story sources, locating experts for stories, checking clips of other news organizations while preparing stories, conducting background research about businesses and individuals, identifying new story ideas, and locating both public and private information stored in digital form. These online tools save time and money, are more thorough, and can link information in widely diverse locations. Internet and web have totally revolutionized many aspects of journalism in the past 10 years. "The Internet and web have put an unprecedented amount of information at a journalist's finger tips.

The Internet and web have also resulted in a great deal of information becoming available globally, thus extending the reach of journalists in quest of information," Reporters can use the Internet to search for information like sports results, company details and phone numbers. It speeds up the process in finding information and contacts and. They can find statements from people online, which help with quotes. That fact alone has meant that journalists in traditional media have new sources and new research tools. "Development of the Internet and web also mean that journalists can now obtain information and records which could not have been accessed before without traveling to particular courts, and government offices. “Online resources have had the greatest impact on news gathering providing rapid and easy access to massive resources for information, potential interviewees,
and websites to help verify information, and analyze data such as statistics. Search engines are another tool for gathering online information which opens the door to news resources. Search engines and online directories have made it much easier than ever before to find experts to comment on issues. They have revolutionized a journalist's ability to research, find background information and to track down primary documents and sources. There is so much information available online that it can be difficult working out where to start and where to stop gathering it. With the change to a much broader reliance on the Internet and web for news, it will become increasingly important for journalists to be multi skilled able to work in more that one medium, and preferably in several, in what has become known as a converged media environment.

Impact of Internet on News Gathering

Impact of Internet on News Gathering, Internet opens new avenues of information for journalists. Journalists can no longer ignore the wealth of valuable information on the Internet. Internet stands as the single largest source of information available anywhere in the world. Journalists are now using the Internet for a wide range of purposes to enhance their news gathering. Common uses include finding people and news story sources, locating experts for stories, checking clips of other news organizations while preparing stories, conducting background research about businesses and individuals, identifying new story ideas, and locating both public and private information stored in digital form. These online tools save time and money, are more thorough, and can link information in widely diverse locations. Internet and web have totally revolutionized many aspects of journalism in the past 10 years. "The Internet and web have put an unprecedented amount of information at a journalist's finger tips.

The Internet and web have also resulted in a great deal of information becoming available globally, thus extending the reach of journalists in quest of information," Reporters can use the Internet to search for information like sports results, company details and phone numbers. It speeds up the process in finding information and contacts and. They can find statements from people online, which help with quotes. That fact alone has meant that journalists in traditional media have new sources and new research tools. "Development of the Internet and web also mean that journalists can now obtain information and records which could not have been accessed before without traveling to particular courts, and government offices. “Online resources have had the greatest impact on news gathering providing rapid and easy access to massive resources for information, potential interviewees,
and websites to help verify information, and analyze data such as statistics. Search engines are another tool for gathering online information which opens the door to news resources. Search engines and online directories have made it much easier than ever before to find experts to comment on issues. They have revolutionized a journalist's ability to research, find background information and to track down primary documents and sources. There is so much information available online that it can be difficult working out where to start and where to stop gathering it. With the change to a much broader reliance on the Internet and web for news, it will become increasingly important for journalists to be multi skilled able to work in more that one medium, and preferably in several, in what has become known as a converged media environment.

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Posted at 2:45 PM |  by Sohail Khatri
Internet has changed the way people access to news and provided flexible delivery platforms to keep  he audiences up-date. The internet provides 'immediacy of content' and has the technological ability to instantly report an unfolding news event. It disseminates information quickly. News consumers no longer have to wait for hourly or half-hourly radio news updates, evening television news bulletin or tomorrow's newspapers. Because Web updating news,

simultaneously, repeatedly minute by minute. Now they can access news online, almost as it is happening. Internet gives preference to the readers and users and provide them the choice to select what kind of news they want to have and with which frequency (includes details and contextual information to the news story), from where and when. In this medium content is user control. Users can access the news and information at any time they want, there is no time limitation because data is stored
in archives which can be access afterwards, the only thing is to have an internet connection.

Impact of Internet on Access to Information and Distribution of News

Internet has changed the way people access to news and provided flexible delivery platforms to keep  he audiences up-date. The internet provides 'immediacy of content' and has the technological ability to instantly report an unfolding news event. It disseminates information quickly. News consumers no longer have to wait for hourly or half-hourly radio news updates, evening television news bulletin or tomorrow's newspapers. Because Web updating news,

simultaneously, repeatedly minute by minute. Now they can access news online, almost as it is happening. Internet gives preference to the readers and users and provide them the choice to select what kind of news they want to have and with which frequency (includes details and contextual information to the news story), from where and when. In this medium content is user control. Users can access the news and information at any time they want, there is no time limitation because data is stored
in archives which can be access afterwards, the only thing is to have an internet connection.

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Posted at 2:40 PM |  by Sohail Khatri
Impact of Internet On Process, Production, Storing, Retrieval The spread of computers, software and the Internet is changing how reporters work. Reporters now routinely collect information in databases, analyze public records, conduct interviews by e-mail, and research background for articles on the Web. Other major way the Internet and web have improved journalism is that they have made it possible for a journalist with a laptop, mobile Phone and digital camera to work from literally almost anywhere in the world, instead of being limited to working from newsrooms and bureau offices, as they were in the past.E-mail interviews are also valuable because they provide a written record of answers and are a useful research tool for background information in follow-up stories, features and investigative journalism. E-mail has become a great tool for interviewing people and also for forwarding information and text as well as photos and graphics. It is also particularly useful for interviewing people, or contacting people, who live in different time zones.

However, unlike other interviews it has the disadvantage of no voice-to-voice contact to detect nuances of  mood and character and no room for impromptu questions. E-mail interviews rarely stand-alone and
follow-up telephone calls are often needed for clarification and verification. Journalist can write and edit reports and news stories on the laptop or computer and send his reports or news stories to the news room from any location in the world. They can even send pictures and images taken by mobile phone or digital camera through email facility. The Internet provides the journalist with a vast range of new opportunities for feedback, customization of content, instant publishing, archiving, (hyper)linking, the use of audio and video, etc., all of which can have serious implication for online media production and in particular online news presentation.

A news story on the Internet should be structured in chunks of information, all linked to one primary 'anchor text,' which can be seen as the top level that provides the essence of the story. This implies a nonlinear type of storytelling that might combine aspects of both print and broadcast media. It is, of course, important that the online journalist can keep the reader curious enough to browse through the different chunks of information (Fredin & David, 1998). "Primary and highly related aspects of cyber-communication which are at the core of its media logic, and which will continue to present news to shape to the formats of cyber-journalism in the future, are: multimedia, hyper textual, interaction and archival.

Impact of Internet On Process, Production, Storing, Retrieval

Impact of Internet On Process, Production, Storing, Retrieval The spread of computers, software and the Internet is changing how reporters work. Reporters now routinely collect information in databases, analyze public records, conduct interviews by e-mail, and research background for articles on the Web. Other major way the Internet and web have improved journalism is that they have made it possible for a journalist with a laptop, mobile Phone and digital camera to work from literally almost anywhere in the world, instead of being limited to working from newsrooms and bureau offices, as they were in the past.E-mail interviews are also valuable because they provide a written record of answers and are a useful research tool for background information in follow-up stories, features and investigative journalism. E-mail has become a great tool for interviewing people and also for forwarding information and text as well as photos and graphics. It is also particularly useful for interviewing people, or contacting people, who live in different time zones.

However, unlike other interviews it has the disadvantage of no voice-to-voice contact to detect nuances of  mood and character and no room for impromptu questions. E-mail interviews rarely stand-alone and
follow-up telephone calls are often needed for clarification and verification. Journalist can write and edit reports and news stories on the laptop or computer and send his reports or news stories to the news room from any location in the world. They can even send pictures and images taken by mobile phone or digital camera through email facility. The Internet provides the journalist with a vast range of new opportunities for feedback, customization of content, instant publishing, archiving, (hyper)linking, the use of audio and video, etc., all of which can have serious implication for online media production and in particular online news presentation.

A news story on the Internet should be structured in chunks of information, all linked to one primary 'anchor text,' which can be seen as the top level that provides the essence of the story. This implies a nonlinear type of storytelling that might combine aspects of both print and broadcast media. It is, of course, important that the online journalist can keep the reader curious enough to browse through the different chunks of information (Fredin & David, 1998). "Primary and highly related aspects of cyber-communication which are at the core of its media logic, and which will continue to present news to shape to the formats of cyber-journalism in the future, are: multimedia, hyper textual, interaction and archival.

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Posted at 2:30 PM |  by Sohail Khatri
Multimediality mean the extent to which text, graphics, sound, voice, and (still and moving) images are translated and integrated into a common digital form (Dahlgren, 1996, p. 64). It must be emphasized that multimedia refers to a new media format that results from the convergence and integration of traditional print, audio and video formats.

Internet provides opportunity to the journalists to present non-linear types of storytelling, by using
hypertext and multimedia in innovative ways. One of the important implications of multimedia is that
the online journalist must learn how to work with these different formats. For his writing, the journalist will also need the skills to decide for each story that which part or parts of the story will consist of text
and which part(s) will carry audio and/or visual elements.

The online media professional can use hyperlinks that are either internal or external. Internal links refer to other texts (or sections) within the site, while external links refer to texts or sites located elsewhere on the Internet. Effective use of internal and external hyperlinks is a basic element of good online media production. It enables journalists to refer their readers to all kinds of background or related information, ranging over archival documents, illustrations, primary sources, multiple perspectives on a particular topic, and so on.

What Is The Multimediality

Multimediality mean the extent to which text, graphics, sound, voice, and (still and moving) images are translated and integrated into a common digital form (Dahlgren, 1996, p. 64). It must be emphasized that multimedia refers to a new media format that results from the convergence and integration of traditional print, audio and video formats.

Internet provides opportunity to the journalists to present non-linear types of storytelling, by using
hypertext and multimedia in innovative ways. One of the important implications of multimedia is that
the online journalist must learn how to work with these different formats. For his writing, the journalist will also need the skills to decide for each story that which part or parts of the story will consist of text
and which part(s) will carry audio and/or visual elements.

The online media professional can use hyperlinks that are either internal or external. Internal links refer to other texts (or sections) within the site, while external links refer to texts or sites located elsewhere on the Internet. Effective use of internal and external hyperlinks is a basic element of good online media production. It enables journalists to refer their readers to all kinds of background or related information, ranging over archival documents, illustrations, primary sources, multiple perspectives on a particular topic, and so on.

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Posted at 2:19 PM |  by Sohail Khatri
The Interactivity is related to the user's 'control over content'. Indeed, on the Internet the consumer can determine where, when, how and what he or she wants to consult. In this respect, communication on the Internet seems to shift from the traditional 'transmission' model of communication) to more balanced communication=patterns of 'consultation' and 'conversation' (McQuail, 2000, pp. 129-132). In a second sense, interactivity is described in terms of 'feedback' and two- way or multiple-way communication ('conversation') between producer and consumer. This kind of interactivity also takes on different forms: e-mail, chat, message boards, etc.

Internet has provided the ability of storing and archiving journalistic contents including that can be viewed any time from any place. The 'archival' function, for its part, can be seen as an aspect of both interactivity and heterosexuality. Indeed, an online archive - or the information it  - is 'hyper linked' with other (fragments of) texts, while the interactive element lies in the user's ability to 'control' the search in the archive. This function by internet is providing more depth information to the journalistic contents.

What is The Interactivity | kind of interactivity

The Interactivity is related to the user's 'control over content'. Indeed, on the Internet the consumer can determine where, when, how and what he or she wants to consult. In this respect, communication on the Internet seems to shift from the traditional 'transmission' model of communication) to more balanced communication=patterns of 'consultation' and 'conversation' (McQuail, 2000, pp. 129-132). In a second sense, interactivity is described in terms of 'feedback' and two- way or multiple-way communication ('conversation') between producer and consumer. This kind of interactivity also takes on different forms: e-mail, chat, message boards, etc.

Internet has provided the ability of storing and archiving journalistic contents including that can be viewed any time from any place. The 'archival' function, for its part, can be seen as an aspect of both interactivity and heterosexuality. Indeed, an online archive - or the information it  - is 'hyper linked' with other (fragments of) texts, while the interactive element lies in the user's ability to 'control' the search in the archive. This function by internet is providing more depth information to the journalistic contents.

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Posted at 2:14 PM |  by Sohail Khatri
Another alternative to a physical fax machine is to make use of computer software which allows people to send and receive faxes using their own computers. As modems came into wider use with personal computers, the computer was used to send faxes directly. Instead offirst printing a hard copy to be then sent via fax machine, a document could now be printed directly to the software fax, and then sent via the computer's modem. Receiving faxes was accomplished similarly. 

• Computer — Phone line — Fax machine • Fax Machine — Phone line — Computer A disadvantage of receiving faxes this way is that the computer has to be turned on and running the fax software to receive any faxes. Note: This method is distinct from Internet faxing as the information is sent directly over the telephone network, not over the Internet.

What is Computer Based Faxing

Another alternative to a physical fax machine is to make use of computer software which allows people to send and receive faxes using their own computers. As modems came into wider use with personal computers, the computer was used to send faxes directly. Instead offirst printing a hard copy to be then sent via fax machine, a document could now be printed directly to the software fax, and then sent via the computer's modem. Receiving faxes was accomplished similarly. 

• Computer — Phone line — Fax machine • Fax Machine — Phone line — Computer A disadvantage of receiving faxes this way is that the computer has to be turned on and running the fax software to receive any faxes. Note: This method is distinct from Internet faxing as the information is sent directly over the telephone network, not over the Internet.

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Posted at 3:58 PM |  by Sohail Khatri
A Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT), is a two-way satellite ground station with a dish antenna. An innovative feature of VSAT is that the technology has evolved to the point that previously could only be done with large, high-powered transmitting satellite dishes can now be done with a much smaller and vastly lower-powered antenna at the customer's premises. Nearly all VSAT systems are now based on IP, with a very broad spectrum of applications.
VSATs (Very Small Aperture Terminals or Via Satellite Terminals) have emerged as the preferred means of wide area networking for financial institutions, utilities and services sector, as the VSAT has the ability to integrate data, voice, fax and also voice across remote locations. There are different VSAT
technologies namely SCPC, DAMA, TDM/TDMA, and FTDMA. Adding a new location takes less than a week, and enhancing services is limited to adding or modifying software at Headquarters (Hub Control Station) only. VSATs offer high network reliability (99.5 %), remote accessibility at lower costs, transmission costs independent of distances, and centralized network control, independent of a public carrier. VSATs offer more flexibility in network expansion and redesign whereas the terrestrial network requires re-engineering, which is process that can take months and involve scores of vendors. Car dealerships, gas stations, lottery systems, banks, insurance companies, drug stores, general stores, supermarkets, healthcare companies, manufacturers, couriers, hotel chains, car rental businesses, food manufacturers, heavy industries, mines, electrical utilities, oil and gas pipelines, energy production and
exploration, timber companies, plantations, various government departments and agencies use VSAT systems. VSAT services can be deployed in hours or even minutes (with auto-acquisition antennas).

What is The VSAT Technology ?

A Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT), is a two-way satellite ground station with a dish antenna. An innovative feature of VSAT is that the technology has evolved to the point that previously could only be done with large, high-powered transmitting satellite dishes can now be done with a much smaller and vastly lower-powered antenna at the customer's premises. Nearly all VSAT systems are now based on IP, with a very broad spectrum of applications.
VSATs (Very Small Aperture Terminals or Via Satellite Terminals) have emerged as the preferred means of wide area networking for financial institutions, utilities and services sector, as the VSAT has the ability to integrate data, voice, fax and also voice across remote locations. There are different VSAT
technologies namely SCPC, DAMA, TDM/TDMA, and FTDMA. Adding a new location takes less than a week, and enhancing services is limited to adding or modifying software at Headquarters (Hub Control Station) only. VSATs offer high network reliability (99.5 %), remote accessibility at lower costs, transmission costs independent of distances, and centralized network control, independent of a public carrier. VSATs offer more flexibility in network expansion and redesign whereas the terrestrial network requires re-engineering, which is process that can take months and involve scores of vendors. Car dealerships, gas stations, lottery systems, banks, insurance companies, drug stores, general stores, supermarkets, healthcare companies, manufacturers, couriers, hotel chains, car rental businesses, food manufacturers, heavy industries, mines, electrical utilities, oil and gas pipelines, energy production and
exploration, timber companies, plantations, various government departments and agencies use VSAT systems. VSAT services can be deployed in hours or even minutes (with auto-acquisition antennas).

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Posted at 3:51 PM |  by Sohail Khatri
The usefulness of e-mail is being threatened by three phenomena: spamming, phishing and e-mail worms. Spamming and Computer Viruses is unsolicited commercial e-mail. Because of the very low cost of sending e-mail, spammers can send hundreds of millions of e-mail messages each day over an inexpensive Internet connection. Hundreds of active spammers sending this volume of mail results in information overload for many computer users who receive tens or even hundreds of junk messages each day.E-mail worms use e-mail as a way of replicating themselves into vulnerable computers. The combination of spam and worm programs results in users receiving a constant drizzle of junk e-mail, which reduces the usefulness of e-mail as a practical tool.

Spamming and Computer Viruses

The usefulness of e-mail is being threatened by three phenomena: spamming, phishing and e-mail worms. Spamming and Computer Viruses is unsolicited commercial e-mail. Because of the very low cost of sending e-mail, spammers can send hundreds of millions of e-mail messages each day over an inexpensive Internet connection. Hundreds of active spammers sending this volume of mail results in information overload for many computer users who receive tens or even hundreds of junk messages each day.E-mail worms use e-mail as a way of replicating themselves into vulnerable computers. The combination of spam and worm programs results in users receiving a constant drizzle of junk e-mail, which reduces the usefulness of e-mail as a practical tool.

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Posted at 3:42 PM |  by Sohail Khatri
Convergence, its Nature and levels of Convergence The ability of different networks and user equipment to carry similar services & the ability of one network or user equipment to carry different services. Handsets that carry voice, data and video services. Cellular networks carrying streaming video in broadcast mode and broadcasters being able to provide data services on unused portions of their spectrum.

Towards multi channel environment
• Same services via different networks and technologies
• Same terminals use different networks
• Same customized services in different countries
Possibility of various networks platforms to provide practically the same set of services.
Unification of user’s devices, such as telephone, PC and TV set in the form of a single terminal.
Convergence is the coming together and integration of two or more technologies. Digital television,
computers and telecommunications being combined is an example of convergence.

Device Convergence
• Endpoints (devices) are converging.
• Integrated service platform for phone, Internet, music, video games, and PDA functions allows end users to access a variety of services that would require multiple terminals previously.
• Computer with multimedia player/soft phone.
• GSM Wi-Fi handsets.
• GSM DVB handsets

Convergence its Nature and levels of Convergence

Convergence, its Nature and levels of Convergence The ability of different networks and user equipment to carry similar services & the ability of one network or user equipment to carry different services. Handsets that carry voice, data and video services. Cellular networks carrying streaming video in broadcast mode and broadcasters being able to provide data services on unused portions of their spectrum.

Towards multi channel environment
• Same services via different networks and technologies
• Same terminals use different networks
• Same customized services in different countries
Possibility of various networks platforms to provide practically the same set of services.
Unification of user’s devices, such as telephone, PC and TV set in the form of a single terminal.
Convergence is the coming together and integration of two or more technologies. Digital television,
computers and telecommunications being combined is an example of convergence.

Device Convergence
• Endpoints (devices) are converging.
• Integrated service platform for phone, Internet, music, video games, and PDA functions allows end users to access a variety of services that would require multiple terminals previously.
• Computer with multimedia player/soft phone.
• GSM Wi-Fi handsets.
• GSM DVB handsets

No comments
Posted at 3:36 PM |  by Sohail Khatri
In the converged media organizations of the future, the journalists who best understand the unique capabilities of multiple media will be the ones who are most successful, drive the greatest innovations, and become the leaders of tomorrow, (Kawamoto, 2003: 72)
Therefore it is important for journalists to understand what convergence within the media is and how it
affects journalism. Kawamoto describes convergence as the melding or blurring of historically discrete technologies and services. (Kawamoto, 2003: 4) Convergence is occurring on many levels. Convergence within content, within the newsroom, within the way news is disseminated and within the way information is collected.
A good example of where convergence within journalism has been successful is Media General in Tampa. The company combined three of its branches newspaper Tampa Tribune, television station WFLA-TV and web site TBO.com- into the one building. The television and news staff still operates independently but share resources and communicate with one another. The branches all cross promote each other, the website has its choice of content from both the news and television branches and reporters from the tribune are often interviewed by the television station for its newscasts (Thelen, 2002: 98).Different journalists mean different things when they talk about convergence. But generally, convergence takes three forms.

Convergence within Journalism

In the converged media organizations of the future, the journalists who best understand the unique capabilities of multiple media will be the ones who are most successful, drive the greatest innovations, and become the leaders of tomorrow, (Kawamoto, 2003: 72)
Therefore it is important for journalists to understand what convergence within the media is and how it
affects journalism. Kawamoto describes convergence as the melding or blurring of historically discrete technologies and services. (Kawamoto, 2003: 4) Convergence is occurring on many levels. Convergence within content, within the newsroom, within the way news is disseminated and within the way information is collected.
A good example of where convergence within journalism has been successful is Media General in Tampa. The company combined three of its branches newspaper Tampa Tribune, television station WFLA-TV and web site TBO.com- into the one building. The television and news staff still operates independently but share resources and communicate with one another. The branches all cross promote each other, the website has its choice of content from both the news and television branches and reporters from the tribune are often interviewed by the television station for its newscasts (Thelen, 2002: 98).Different journalists mean different things when they talk about convergence. But generally, convergence takes three forms.

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Posted at 3:30 PM |  by Sohail Khatri
 • Vision of a Converged World Consumers use a single terminal point to access any desired information available on any network without limitations.
• Media convergence is prompted by the development of information technology.
• Convergence will lead to:
• Reformulation of media economics and politics
• Reorganization of media companies
• Radically change media environments in the name of digitization
• With the advent of IP technology, competition in telecom services becomes a global phenomenon and is no longer confined to within the national or regional boundary.
• The potential for change will be felt in different ways and at different levels (e.g. technology, industry, services and markets).
• Regulators and the policy makers need to put in place a forward looking and adaptable regulatory framework, or they will be left behind and become irrelevant.
• The unrestricted exchange of information through transmission of images, text, voice or other forms of data, the info-communications infrastructure will improve the productivity of knowledge-based activities and help to bring about an Information Society.
• Efforts will continue to be needed to equip workforce with the skills which the Information
Society requires.
• This will open opportunities and challenges especially to the developing countries.
• The global nature of communications platforms today, especially the Internet, is providing a key which will open the door to the further integration of the world economy.
• Telecommunications, media and information technology sectors are seeking cross-product and cross-platform development as well as cross-sector share-holding.

Vision of a Converged World

 • Vision of a Converged World Consumers use a single terminal point to access any desired information available on any network without limitations.
• Media convergence is prompted by the development of information technology.
• Convergence will lead to:
• Reformulation of media economics and politics
• Reorganization of media companies
• Radically change media environments in the name of digitization
• With the advent of IP technology, competition in telecom services becomes a global phenomenon and is no longer confined to within the national or regional boundary.
• The potential for change will be felt in different ways and at different levels (e.g. technology, industry, services and markets).
• Regulators and the policy makers need to put in place a forward looking and adaptable regulatory framework, or they will be left behind and become irrelevant.
• The unrestricted exchange of information through transmission of images, text, voice or other forms of data, the info-communications infrastructure will improve the productivity of knowledge-based activities and help to bring about an Information Society.
• Efforts will continue to be needed to equip workforce with the skills which the Information
Society requires.
• This will open opportunities and challenges especially to the developing countries.
• The global nature of communications platforms today, especially the Internet, is providing a key which will open the door to the further integration of the world economy.
• Telecommunications, media and information technology sectors are seeking cross-product and cross-platform development as well as cross-sector share-holding.

No comments
Posted at 3:27 PM |  by Sohail Khatri
There are user’s needs for information and training in order to participate in the Information Society,  and this is definitely another major risk of exclusion. Learning the potentialities of the information and communication technology may be a bigger barrier for new users than lack of technical access. For example, people who are not computer literate have no chance to take advantage from the Internet. The education system must be the main provider of this new knowledge.
Moreover the fantastic pace of evolution of information technology obliges any participant in the Information Society to continually improve one’s knowledge; learning does not stop once one has completed a training course. In addition, mastering the Internet, one needs formal training, but knowledge also develops through learning by doing (Milne2000); one can improve it by trying things out, sharing one’s problems and seeing what others are doing. All this will contribute to a lifelong learning society where people will have to continuously learn to master these constantly changing technologies, and therefore to be able to participate in their society.

Necessary Knowledge to Use Internet

There are user’s needs for information and training in order to participate in the Information Society,  and this is definitely another major risk of exclusion. Learning the potentialities of the information and communication technology may be a bigger barrier for new users than lack of technical access. For example, people who are not computer literate have no chance to take advantage from the Internet. The education system must be the main provider of this new knowledge.
Moreover the fantastic pace of evolution of information technology obliges any participant in the Information Society to continually improve one’s knowledge; learning does not stop once one has completed a training course. In addition, mastering the Internet, one needs formal training, but knowledge also develops through learning by doing (Milne2000); one can improve it by trying things out, sharing one’s problems and seeing what others are doing. All this will contribute to a lifelong learning society where people will have to continuously learn to master these constantly changing technologies, and therefore to be able to participate in their society.

No comments
Posted at 3:23 PM |  by Sohail Khatri
The International Digital Divide, also sometimes call the global DD, is easy to understand but hugely
difficult to overcome. Firstly, this divide is an infrastructure problem. For example, in all of Africa, there are fewer phone lines than in New York City alone and owning a phone is seen as a luxury item. The costs are enormous and this is why developing countries need support otherwise they might not even be able to give access to their population. The structural problem is not the only one. In developing countries, the majority of people besides wealthy individuals cannot currently afford the technology, even when it is available, so usage remains low. Poverty is the greatest barrier to Internet growth in Developing countries. Costs to access Internet are in comparison to developed countries much higher and therefore unaffordable.

International Digital divide

The International Digital Divide, also sometimes call the global DD, is easy to understand but hugely
difficult to overcome. Firstly, this divide is an infrastructure problem. For example, in all of Africa, there are fewer phone lines than in New York City alone and owning a phone is seen as a luxury item. The costs are enormous and this is why developing countries need support otherwise they might not even be able to give access to their population. The structural problem is not the only one. In developing countries, the majority of people besides wealthy individuals cannot currently afford the technology, even when it is available, so usage remains low. Poverty is the greatest barrier to Internet growth in Developing countries. Costs to access Internet are in comparison to developed countries much higher and therefore unaffordable.

No comments
Posted at 3:19 PM |  by Sohail Khatri
The domestic digital divide is more complex to define, because multiple factors are involved. Access
within countries can be looked according following socio-economic factors:
Domestic Digital Divide
• Age

• Income
• Geographical location
• Education
• Gender
• Disability

Income: It is interesting to notice that socially excluded people have mostly a low income and once more, this economic factor could affect their participation in the Information Society. Income is the first factor of exclusion, because even if computer prices and access costs drop by a large margin, they would still be inaccessible to poor people who need to cover their basic needs first.

Age: There is a normal difference because ICT are easily used and adopted by younger generations and
they benefit from their school training.

Geographical gap: there is a difference in use between different parts of same countries. It is easier to get an Internet access in cities and this trend might not be changed soon.
In Fact, the new fast access technologies to Internet such as the optical fibre for example, are mostly available in urban areas and there is a risk that this divide increases. This is why there is a necessity of
national planning at a country level to insure that all areas have the same possibilities.

Education: is closely correlated with employment and income. Those with higher levels of education are more likely to have ICT at home and at work. The less educated people show least interest in getting online, may be because they do not see the interest for them. All these questions related to the domestic Digital Divide are mainly studied in developed countries but there is evidence indicating that these inequalities are far more pronounced in developing country where small elite own everything and
cumulate the advantages leaving most of the population with very little.

Disability: Internet and Information Technologies are promising for people with disabilities because it
can assist them in overcoming their handicaps, however the potential may not be realized if they cannot
afford assistive technologies or if accessibility of equipment or web-content is not ensured.

Gender: Women have less access to the IT use and skills. Also Working women have lower levels of IT use and skills than working men.

Domestic Digital Divide

The domestic digital divide is more complex to define, because multiple factors are involved. Access
within countries can be looked according following socio-economic factors:
Domestic Digital Divide
• Age

• Income
• Geographical location
• Education
• Gender
• Disability

Income: It is interesting to notice that socially excluded people have mostly a low income and once more, this economic factor could affect their participation in the Information Society. Income is the first factor of exclusion, because even if computer prices and access costs drop by a large margin, they would still be inaccessible to poor people who need to cover their basic needs first.

Age: There is a normal difference because ICT are easily used and adopted by younger generations and
they benefit from their school training.

Geographical gap: there is a difference in use between different parts of same countries. It is easier to get an Internet access in cities and this trend might not be changed soon.
In Fact, the new fast access technologies to Internet such as the optical fibre for example, are mostly available in urban areas and there is a risk that this divide increases. This is why there is a necessity of
national planning at a country level to insure that all areas have the same possibilities.

Education: is closely correlated with employment and income. Those with higher levels of education are more likely to have ICT at home and at work. The less educated people show least interest in getting online, may be because they do not see the interest for them. All these questions related to the domestic Digital Divide are mainly studied in developed countries but there is evidence indicating that these inequalities are far more pronounced in developing country where small elite own everything and
cumulate the advantages leaving most of the population with very little.

Disability: Internet and Information Technologies are promising for people with disabilities because it
can assist them in overcoming their handicaps, however the potential may not be realized if they cannot
afford assistive technologies or if accessibility of equipment or web-content is not ensured.

Gender: Women have less access to the IT use and skills. Also Working women have lower levels of IT use and skills than working men.

No comments
Posted at 3:18 PM |  by Sohail Khatri
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